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MS Word For Class X

Tutorial: Microsoft Office 2003 Word Introduction

Introduction:

Microsoft Word is an essential tool for the creation of documents. Its ease of use has

made Word one of the most widely used word processing applications currently on

the market. Therefore, it’s important to become familiar with the various facets of

this software, since it allows for compatibility across multiple computers as well as

collaborative features. Word is a fairly simple program to use for completing simple

tasks. However, it may be more difficult to learn how to explore the more advanced

possibilities of Word.

Opening Microsoft Word:

To run Word on your computer: “Start” >> “Programs” >> “Microsoft Office” >>

“Microsoft Office Word 2003.” If there is an icon of Microsoft Word available on your

desktop (shaped like a square with a “W” in the middle), you can open up the

program by double-clicking it, as well.

Making a New Blank Document:

When Word is opened, a new blank document should automatically open. If not, then

you can begin a new blank document in a variety of ways.

First, find the “New Blank Document” icon, which looks like a blank sheet of paper,

located underneath the menu bar in Word in what is called the “standard toolbar.”

Click on the icon to bring up a new blank document.

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Also, you can go to the menu bar and select File >> New… (shortcut: Ctrl+N).

To begin typing, just click the cursor anywhere within the new blank document.

Opening a Document:

To open to view, edit, or print a document, you must first open up that file in Word.

You can open a file by clicking on the “Open” folder icon (with a picture of a folder)

located in the standard toolbar. Or, you can use the menu bar and navigate to File

>> Open… (shortcut: Ctrl+O).

Saving a Document:

When you are working with any sort of media in any software, you should be sure to

save your work often. In Word, there are numerous options for saving documents in

a variety of file types.

To save a new, unsaved document, you can click on the Save icon, shaped like a disk

located on the standard toolbar. Or, you can go to the menu bar and select File >>

Save… (shortcut: Ctrl+S).

A dialogue box should appear, offering you a number of options. To save the

document in the desired location on your computer, locate and select the folder on

your computer. Give your document a name in the file name text box. While you can

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give your document long names, make sure you save it with a name you can

remember.

Please note that it’s good practice not to use spaces or special characters in file

names. For example, a long file name may look like this:

expos_sample_paper1.doc

To save a completely new document using previously existing (and opened) text, you

use the Save As option.

Open the document that you wish to save as an entirely new file, go to the menu

bar, and click on File >> Save as. In the file name text box, give your document a

new name. Using this option allows you to save multiple versions (with different file

names) of a document based on one original file.

Formatting Text/Paragraphs Using Toolbars:

In a word processing program such as Word, there are numerous options available

for presenting your text. This part of the tutorial will guide you through several of

the important features in Word that will allow you to edit, modify, and display text

(and non-text) components.

The Standard Toolbar:

Word allows all toolbars to be customized, so you may not find all options listed

here. There are several buttons that may or may not appear immediately in your

version of Word. Use the following graphic as a guide to the Standard Toolbar.

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1. New Blank Document:

To begin a new document, click on the New Blank Document icon, shaped like

a blank sheet of paper.

2. Open:

Clicking on this icon opens up a previously saved document on your

computer.

3. Save:

Clicking on the Save icon saves the document you are currently working on. If

you are saving a document for the first time, you can click on this button.

However, if you want to save a new file from a preexisting document, then

you must go to the menu bar and select “File” >> “Save As” and give the file

a new name. When working on any document, you should be sure to save

frequently, so that you don’t lose any work.

4. Permission:

Microsoft has enabled Information Rights Management (IRM) within the new

version of Word, which can help protect sensitive documents from being

copied or forwarded. Click this for more information and options.

5. Print:

Clicking on the Print icon automatically prints the document currently active in

Word. If you wish to explore more print options, then go to the menu bar and

select “File” >> “Print.”

6. Print Preview:

To get an idea of the appearance of your document in print before you

actually print it out, you can click on this icon to view your document from a

zoom-out distance.

7. Spelling and Grammar:

Clicking begins a review of your document in search of spelling and

grammatical errors that may need to be corrected.

8. Copy:

Copy the current selection to the clipboard, which can then be pasted

elsewhere in the document, or into a completely separate program/document.

9. Paste:

Clicking on the Paste button inserts the text that has been most recently

added to the Clipboard (the text would have been added there by Cutting or

Copying). With Paste, you can either insert the copied text into a document or

replace selected text.

10. Undo Typing:

The Undo Typing button goes back and removes the last addition or change

made to your document.

11. Insert Hyperlink:

You may find that you want to make links to a particular web site, web page,

or some other kind of online file in your Word document. Using the Insert

Hyperlink button, you can turn selected text into hyperlinks. When the icon is

clicked, a window will appear that will allow you to insert the URL (web

address) of the web page you want to link to. You can type in the URL

yourself or insert a preexisting bookmark. Once the link is inserted, the link in

your Word document can be clicked and the web page will open up in a web

browser.

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12. Insert Table:

When this icon is clicked, a small window will appear in the form of a grid of

squares. Use this window as a guide to indicate how many rows and columns

you would like your table to contain. Once selected, a table will automatically

appear in Word. Clicking the Tables and Borders button will allow you to

modify the table. To modify an aspect of the table, select, or place the cursor

in, the area and apply changes such as borders and colors.

The Formatting Toolbar:

Word allows all toolbars to be customized, so you may not find all options listed

here. There are several buttons that may or may not appear immediately in your

version of Word. Use the following graphic as a guide to the Formatting Toolbar.

1. Style:

Styles in Word are used to quickly format portions of text. For example, you

could use the “Normal” or “Default Paragraph Font” for the body text in a

document. There are also three preset styles made for headings.

2. Font:

Font is a simple but important factor in Word documents. The choice of font

(the style of the text itself) can influence the way others view documents,

either on the screen or in print. For example, Arial font looks better on

screen, while Times New Roman is clearer in print. To apply a font to text,

select desired text with your cursor, and choose a font from the font drop

down menu.

3. Font Size:

You may encounter times in which you need to display some text larger or

smaller than other text. Selecting desired text with the cursor and choosing a

font size from the drop down menu changes the size of text.

4. Bold:

Places the text in bold.

5. Italic:

Places the text in italics.

6. Underline:

Underlines the text.

7. Align Left:

Aligns the selection to the left of the screen/paper.

8. Center:

Aligns the selection to the center of the screen/paper.

9. Align Right:

Aligns the selection to the right of the screen/paper.

10. Justify:

Aligns the selection to both the left and right of the screen/paper.

11. Line Spacing:

Adjust the line spacing (single-spaced, double-spaced, etc.)

12. Numbering:

Create a numbered list.

13. Bullets:

Create an unordered, bulleted list.

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14. Decrease Indent:

Decreases the indentation of the current selection (to the left).

15. Increase Indent:

Increases the indentation of the current selection (to the right).

16. Outside Border:

Places a border around the current selection; click the drop-down for a wide

selection of bordering options.

17. Highlight:

Highlight the current selection; default color is yellow.

18. Font Color:

Change the font color; the default/automatic color is black.

More Formatting:

Besides the toolbars, Word provides a great deal of ways to customize and format

your text and documents.

Paragraph Spacing:

To access the Paragraph formatting options, navigate to the menu bar, and select

“Format” >> “Paragraph,” or right-click within a paragraph.

A window will appear with options for modifying spacing and indenting. Here, you

can choose to make the text in your document single or double spaced, as well as

edit the margins for the document.

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Contact Barclay Barrios (barclay.barrios@rutgers.edu)

Headers/Footers:

Headers and footers are important aspects of a Word document if you wish to include

information such as page numbers and headings on every page. To access the

header and footer options, go to the menu bar and select “View” >> “Header and

Footer.”

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A dotted-line box called “Header” will automatically appear, as well as a sub-menu

for formatting header and footer properties. The cursor will already be placed in the

Header box. If you scroll down on your current page opened in Word, you will see a

dotted-line box called “Footer.” To add text in the Header or the Footer, simply click

the cursor inside either one of the boxes, and type the text you want.

To add page numbers to your document, click your cursor inside of the footer box.

Then, click on the icon shaped like a sheet of paper with a “#” inside. The page

number will then be inserted and applied to all of the pages in your document.

Inserting an Image:

In Word, it’s possible to add clipart or other images to a document. Click the cursor

in your document where you wish to place an image. Then go to the menu bar and

select “Insert” >> “Picture.”

From there, you will find a number of options to choose from. “Clipart” searches

through your computer’s Clipart library. “From File” will allow you to insert an image

saved elsewhere on your computer. Other options include “AutoShapes” and

“WordArt.”

Peralatan Proses

Perangkat Keras Komputer – Process Device

Otak sebuah komputer berada pada unit pemrosesan (Process device). Unit pemrosesan ini dinamakan CPU ( Central Processing Unit ). Fungsi CPU adalah sebagai pemroses dan pengolah data yang selanjutnya dapat menghasilkan suatu informasi yang diperlukan. Pada komputer mikro unit pemrosesan ini disebut dengan micro-processor (pemroses mikro) atau processor yang berbentuk chip yang terdiri dari ribuan  sampai jutaan IC. Fungsi utama dari CPU bekerja dengan aritmatika dan logika terhadap data yang terdapat dalam memori atau yang dimasukkan melalui unit masukkan seperti  keyboard, scanner, atau joystick. Kecepatan processor atau CPU ini diukur dengan satuan hitung hertz atau clock cycles. Saat ini, komputer memiliki kecepatan processor sampai giga hertz. 1 Giga Herzt sama dengan 1.000.000.000 herzt. Perkembangannya processor yang pertama kali muncul tahun 1990-an adalah pentium dengan kecepatan 75 Mega Hertz, dan saat ini kecepatannya sudah mencapai 3 Giga Hertz lebih dengan processor Pentium IV. Seiring dengan kecepatan Pentium IV, telah pula diperkenalkan processor dengan teknologi mobile yaitu Centrino (Pentium M – Centrino) jenis processor ini baru terdapat pada komputer-komputer built up, laptop, notebook. Saat ini, processor yang terbaru adalah Dual Core (Core Duo). Processor ini memiliki dua kecepatan giga hertz seperti memiliki dua processor. Beberapa produsen processor yang terkenal adalah Intel, AMD dan Cyrix. CPU bekerja berdasarkan instruksi suatu software, atau instruksi suatu program. 

 a.      ALU ( Arithmetical Logical Unit )Fungsi unit ini adalah untuk melakukan suatu proses data yang berbentuk angka dan logika, seperti data matematika dan statistika. ALU terdiri dari register-register untuk menyimpan informasi. Tugas utama dari ALU adalah melakukan perhitungan aritmatika (matematika) yang terjadi sesuai dengan instruksi program. Sirkuit yang digunakan oleh ALU ini disebut dengan adder karena operasi yang dilakukan dengan dasar penjumlahan. Tugas lain dari ALU adalah melakukan keputusan dari operasi sesuai dengan instruksi program yaitu operasi logika (logical operation). Operasi logika meliputi perbandingan dua buah elemen logika dengan menggunakan operator logika, yaitu :

•  Sama dengan (=)
•   Tidak sama dengan ( <> )
• Kurang dari ( < )
• Kurang atau sama dengan dari ( <= )
• Lebih besar dari ( > )
• Lebih besar atau sama dengan dari ( >= ) 

 b.      CU ( Control Unit )Fungsi unit ini adalah untuk melakukan pengontrolan dan pengendalian terhadap suatu proses yang dilakukan sebelum data tersebut dikeluarkan (output). Selain itu CU menafsirkan perintah dan menghasilkan sinyal yang tepat untuk bagian lain dalam sistem komputer. Unit ini mengatur kapan alat input menerima data dan kapan data diolah serta kapan ditampilkan dari program komputer. Bila terdapat instruksi perhitungan atau logika maka unit ini akan mengirim instruksi tersebut ke ALU. Dengan demikian tugas dari Control Unit ini adalah :

• Mengatur dan mengendalikan alat-alat input dan output
• Mengambil instruksi-instruk dari memori utama
• Mengambil data dari memori utama (jika diperlukan) untuk diproses
• Mengirim instruksi ke ALU bila ada perhitungan aritmatika atau perbandingan logika serta mengawasi kerja dari ALU
•  Menyimpan hasil proses ke memori utama. Fungsi  peralatan yang terdapat dalam CPU dibagi menjadi 3 Macam yaitu :

a.      Peralatan Proses ( Process Storage)

Peralatan Proses adalah alat yang digunakan untuk melakukan suatu pemrosesan data. Yang termasuk peralatan proses adalah sebagai berikut.

 1.)    Processor Alat ini berfungsi sebagai pengolah data, processor merupakan bagian yang sangat penting dalam komputer. Kehandalan suatu komputer dapat dilihat dari processor yang digunakannya, misalnya Processor : Intel Pentium 4, AMD, Centrino dan Core Duo. Semakin tinggi tingkatan processor-nya semakin baik fungsi komputer tersebut. 
2.)    Register Register merupakan jenis memori yang terdapat pada processor dan sebagai memori internal processor. Register merupakan memori yang mempunyai kecepatan tinggi 5 sampai 10 kali dibandingkan memori utama. Register digunakan untuk menyimpan instruksi dan data yang sedang diproses oleh CPU, sedang instruksi-instruksi dan data lainnya yang menunggu giliran untuk diproses masih disimpan di memori utama. 
3.)    Cache memoriMerupakan memori yang dapat meningkatkan kecepatan komputer dan dikatakan sebagai memori perantara. 
4.)    ROM ( Read Only Memory)Memori dalam CPU berfungsi membantu proses kerja komputer. ROM adalah salah satu memori, mempunyai sifat hanya dapat dibaca dan tidak bisa diubah dan mempunyai sifat yang permanen atau tetap (non volatile). ROM mulai berfungsi saat menghidupkan komputer.Sebagian perintah ROM ini dipindakan juga ke dalam RAM berupa instruksi atau syntax-syntax. Misalnya, untuk melihat isi file dengan perintah DIR dan untuk mengecek kapasitas disket atau harddisk dengan CHKDSK, ROM bersifat tetap atau permanen bila terjadi mati listrik, file pada ROM tidak akan hilang. Instruksi yang tersimpan dalam ROM disebut dengan microinstruction atau firmware karena hardware dan software dijadikan satu oleh pabrik pembuatnya. Apabila isi dari ROM hilang atau rusak maka sistem dari komputer tidak dapat berfungsi, oleh karena itu pabrik komputer merancang ROM hanya dapat dibaca saja dan tidak dapat dirubah. Selain ROM terdapat pula jenis ROM yang dapat diprogram kembali yaitu PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), yang hanya dapat diprogram satu kali dan tidak dapat diubah kembali. Kemudian terdapat pula jenis lain yang disebut dengan EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory) yang dapat dihapus dengan sinar ultraviolet serta dapat diprogram kembali berulang-ulang. Dan jenis yang disebut EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmabel Read Only Memory) yang dapat dihapus secara elektronik dan dapat deprogram kembali. 
5.)    RAM ( Random Access Memory )Merupakan jenis jenis memori yang dapat dibaca, diisi, dan diubah menurut kebutuhan (volatile). RAM mempunyai sifat sementara. Sifat sementara  ini maksudnya adalah jika terjadi mati listrik maka data yang berada dalam RAM akan hilang. Misalnya, Pada saat anda mengetik yang ketikan telah sampai dua lembar, tetapi belum disimpan hasilnya ke dalam disket atau harddisk, hasil ketikan Anda akan berada di dalam RAM. Bila terjadi mati listrik maka data yang ada di dalam RAM akan hilang,  Struktur RAM dibagi menjadi empat bagian utama, yaitu :

•  Input Storage, digunakan untuk menampung input yang dimasukkan melalui alat input.
• Program Storage, digunakan untuk menyimpan semua instruksi-instruksi program yang akan diakses.
• Working storage, digunakan untuk menyimpan data yang akan diolah dan menyimpan hasil pengolahan.
•  Output Storage, digunakan untuk menampung hasil akhir dari pengolahan data yang akan ditampilkan ke alat output. Berdasarkan struktur RAM tersebut, data yang diinput ke dalam sistem komputer akan ditampung ke dalam input storage, bila data dalam bentuk instruksi program maka akan dimasukkan ke dalam program storage, dan bila dalam bentuk data dan hasil pengolahan data maka akan dimasukkan ke working storage, kemudian sebelum data akan ditampilkan atau output maka akan disimpan ke dalam output storage. 

Terdapat beberapa jenis RAM  yang beredar dipasaran hingga saat ini yaitu : 

1.      FPM DRAM (Fast Page Mode Random Access Memory), RAM  yang paling pertama kali ditancapkan pada slot memori 30 pin mainboard komputer, dimana RAM ini dapat kita temui pada komputer type 286 dan 386. Memori jenis ini sudah tidak lagi diproduksi.

2.      EDO RAM ( Extended Data Out Random Access Memory), RAM jenis ini memiliki kemampuan yang lebih cepat dalam membaca dan mentransfer data dibandingkan dengan RAM biasa. Slot memori untuk EDO – RAM adalah 72 pin. Bentuk EDO-RAM lebih panjang daripada RAM yaitu bentuk Single Inline Memory Modul (SIMM). Memiliki kecepatan lebih dari 66 Mhz

3.      BEDO RAM (Burst EDO RAM), RAM yang merupakan pengembangan dari EDO RAM yang memiliki kecepatan lebih dari 66 MHz.

4.      SD RAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory), RAM jenis ini memiliki kemampuan setingkat di atas EDO-RAM. Slot memori untuk SD RAM adalah 168 pin. Bentuk SD RAM adalah Dual Inline Memory Modul (DIMM). Memiliki kecepatan di atas 100 MHz.

5.      RD RAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory). RAM jenis ini memiliki kecepatan sangat tinggi, pertama kali digunakan untuk komputer dengan prosesor Pentium 4. Slot Memori untuk RD RAM adalah 184 pin. Bentuk RD RAM adalah Rate Inline Memory Modul (RIMM). Memiliki kecepatan hingga 800 MHz.

6.  DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic RAM). RAM jenis ini memiliki kecepatan sangat tinggi dengan menggandakan kecepatan SD RAM, dan merupakan RAM yang banyak beredar saat ini. RAM jenis ini mengkonsumsi sedikit power listrik. Slot Memori untuk DDR SDRAM adalah 184 pin, bentuknya adalah RIMM.

Sumber : Buku TIK – Jilid 1 (KTSP) : Penulis Rudi Hidayat – Penerbit Erlangga.

HTML FOR CLASS 12

What is an HTML File?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

·                     An HTML file is a text file containing small markup tags

·                     The markup tags tell the Web browser how to display the page ·                     An HTML file must have an htm or html file extension ·                     An HTML file can be created using a simple text editor

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Do You Want to Try It?

If you are running Windows, start Notepad.

If you are on a Mac, start SimpleText.In OSX start TextEdit and change the following preferences: Open the the “Format” menu and select “Plain text” instead of “Rich text”. Then open the “Preferences” window under the “Text Edit” menu and select “Ignore rich text commands in HTML files”. Your HTML code will probably not work if you do not change the preferences above!Type in the following text:

<html> <head> <title>Title of page</title> </head> <body> This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b> </body> </html>

Save the file as “mypage.htm”. Start your Internet browser. Select “Open” (or “Open Page”) in the File menu of your browser. A dialog box will appear. Select “Browse” (or “Choose File”) and locate the HTML file you just created – “mypage.htm” – select it and click “Open”. Now you should see an address in the dialog box, for example “C:\MyDocuments\mypage.htm”. Click OK, and the browser will display the page.

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Example Explained

The first tag in your HTML document is <html>. This tag tells your browser that this is the start of an HTML document. The last tag in your document is </html>. This tag tells your browser that this is the end of the HTML document.The text between the <head> tag and the </head> tag is header information. Header information is not displayed in the browser window.The text between the <title> tags is the title of your document. The title is displayed in your browser’s caption.The text between the <body> tags is the text that will be displayed in your browser.The text between the <b> and </b> tags will be displayed in a bold font.

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HTM or HTML Extension?

When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension. We have used .htm in our examples. It might be a bad habit inherited from the past when some of the commonly used software only allowed three letter extensions.With newer software we think it will be perfectly safe to use .html.

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Note on HTML Editors:

You can easily edit HTML files using a WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editor like FrontPage or Dreamweaver, instead of writing your markup tags in a plain text file.However, if you want to be a skillful Web developer, we strongly recommend that you use a plain text editor to learn your primer HTML.

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Frequently Asked Questions

Q: After I have edited an HTML file, I cannot view the result in my browser. Why? A: Make sure that you have saved the file with a proper name and extension like “c:\mypage.htm”. Also make sure that you use the same name when you open the file in your browser. Q: I have edited an HTML file, but the changes don’t show in the browser. Why? A: A browser caches pages so it doesn’t have to read the same page twice. When you have modified a page, the browser doesn’t know that. Use the browser’s refresh/reload button to force the browser to reload the page. Q: What browser should I use? A: You can do all the training with all of the well-known browsers, like Internet Explorer, Firefox, Netscape, or Opera. However, some of the examples in our advanced classes require the latest versions of the browsers.Q: Does my computer have to run Windows? What about a Mac? A: You can do all your training on a non-Windows computer like a Mac.HTML documents are text files made up of HTML elements.HTML elements are defined using HTML tags.

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HTML Tags

·                     HTML tags are used to mark-up HTML elements ·                     HTML tags are surrounded by the two characters < and > ·                     The surrounding characters are called angle brackets ·                     HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b> ·                     The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag ·                     The text between the start and end tags is the element content ·                     HTML tags are not case sensitive, <b> means the same as <B>

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HTML Elements

Remember the HTML example from the previous page:

<html> <head> <title>Title of page</title> </head> <body> This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b> </body> </html>

This is an HTML element:

<b>This text is bold</b>

The HTML element starts with a start tag: <b> The content of the HTML element is: This text is bold The HTML element ends with an end tag: </b>The purpose of the <b> tag is to define an HTML element that should be displayed as bold.This is also an HTML element:

<body> This is my first homepage. <b>This text is bold</b> </body>

This HTML element starts with the start tag <body>, and ends with the end tag </body>.The purpose of the <body> tag is to define the HTML element that contains the body of the HTML document.

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Why do We Use Lowercase Tags?

We have just said that HTML tags are not case sensitive: <B> means the same as <b>. If you surf the Web, you will notice that plenty of web sites use uppercase HTML tags in their source code. We always use lowercase tags. Why?If you want to follow the latest web standards, you should always use lowercase tags. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase tags in their HTML 4 recommendation, and XHTML (the next generation HTML) demands lowercase tags.

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Tag Attributes

Tags can have attributes. Attributes provide additional information to an HTML element. The following tag defines an HTML table: <table>. With an added border attribute, you can tell the browser that the table should have no borders: <table border=”0″>Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: name=”value”.Attributes are always specified in the start tag of an HTML element.Attributes and attribute values are also case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation, and XHTML demands lowercase attributes/attribute values.

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Always Quote Attribute Values

Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed.In some rare situations, like when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:name=’John “ShotGun” Nelson’The most important tags in HTML are tags that define headings, paragraphs and line breaks.The best way to learn HTML is to work with examples. We have created a very nice HTML editor for you. With this editor, you can edit the HTML source code if you like, and click on a test button to view the result.

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Try it Yourself – Examples

A very simple HTML document

<html>

<body>

The content of the body element is displayed in your browser.

</body>

</html>

This example is a very simple HTML document, with only a minimum of HTML tags. It demonstrates how the text inside a body element is displayed in the browser. 

Simple paragraphs

<html>

<body>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

<p>Paragraph elements are defined by the p tag.</p>

</body>

</html>

This example demonstrates how the text inside paragraph elements is displayed in the browser. (You can find more examples at the bottom of this page)

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Headings

Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. <h1> defines the largest heading. <h6> defines the smallest heading.

<h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3> <h4>This is a heading</h4> <h5>This is a heading</h5> <h6>This is a heading</h6>

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a heading.ParagraphsParagraphs are defined with the <p> tag.

<p>This is a paragraph</p> <p>This is another paragraph</p>

HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after a paragraph.Line BreaksThe <br> tag is used when you want to end a line, but don’t want to start a new paragraph. The <br> tag forces a line break wherever you place it.

<p>This <br> is a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

The <br> tag is an empty tag. It has no closing tag.

Comments in HTML

The comment tag is used to insert a comment in the HTML source code. A comment will be ignored by the browser. You can use comments to explain your code, which can help you when you edit the source code at a later date.

<!-- This is a comment -->

Note that you need an exclamation point after the opening bracket, but not before the closing bracket.

Basic Notes – Useful Tips

When you write HTML text, you can never be sure how the text is displayed in another browser. Some people have large computer displays, some have small. The text will be reformatted every time the user resizes his window. Never try to format the text in your editor by adding empty lines and spaces to the text.HTML will truncate the spaces in your text. Any number of spaces count as one. Some extra formation: In HTML a new line counts as one space. Using empty paragraphs <p> to insert blank lines is a bad habit. Use the <br> tag instead. (But don’t use the <br> tag to create lists. Wait until you have learned about HTML lists.)You might have noticed that paragraphs can be written without the closing tag </p>. Don’t rely on it. The next version of HTML will not allow you to skip ANY closing tags.HTML automatically adds an extra blank line before and after some elements, like before and after a paragraph, and before and after a heading.We use a horizontal rule (the <hr> tag), to separate the sections in our tutorials.

More Examples

More paragraphs This example demonstrates some of the default behaviors of paragraph elements. <html><body><p>This paragraphcontains a lot of linesin the source code,but the browser ignores it.</p><p>This paragraphcontains      a lot of spacesin the source     code,but the    browser ignores it.</p><p>The number of lines in a paragraph depends on the size of your browser window. If you resize the browser window, the number of lines in this paragraph will change.</p></body></html>Line breaks This example demonstrates the use of line breaks in an HTML document. <html><body><p>To break<br>lines<br>in a<br>paragraph,<br>use the br tag.</p></body></html>Poem problems This example demonstrates some problems with HTML formatting. <html><body><p>   My Bonnie lies over the ocean.    My Bonnie lies over the sea.   My Bonnie lies over the ocean.  Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.</p><p>Note that your browser simply ignores your formatting!</p></body></html>Headings This example demonstrates the tags that display headings in an HTML document.<html><body><h1>This is heading 1</h1><h2>This is heading 2</h2><h3>This is heading 3</h3><h4>This is heading 4</h4><h5>This is heading 5</h5><h6>This is heading 6</h6><p>Use heading tags only for headings. Don’t use them just to make something bold. Use other tags for that.</p></body></html>Center aligned heading This example demonstrates a center aligned heading.<html><body><h1 align=”center”>This is heading 1</h1><p>The heading above is aligned to the center of this page. The heading above is aligned to the center of this page. The heading above is aligned to the center of this page.</p></body></html>Horizontal rule This example demonstrates how to insert a horizontal rule.<html><body><p>The hr tag defines a horizontal rule:</p><hr><p>This is a paragraph</p><hr><p>This is a paragraph</p><hr><p>This is a paragraph</p></body></html>Hidden comments This example demonstrates how to insert a hidden comment in the HTML source code. <html><body><!–This comment will not be displayed–><p>This is a regular paragraph</p></body></html>Background color This example demonstrates adding a background-color to an HTML page. <html><body bgcolor=”yellow”><h2>Look: Colored Background!</h2></body></html>

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Basic HTML Tags

Tag	Description
<html>	Defines an HTML document
<body>	Defines the document’s body
<h1> to <h6>	Defines header 1 to header 6
<p>	Defines a paragraph
<br>	Inserts a single line break
<hr>	Defines a horizontal rule
<!–>	Defines a comment

 

 

Puasa

Selamat Menjalankan Ibadah Puasa, Semoga puasa tahun ini akan membawa berkah dan allah selalu memberikan bimbingan kepada kita semua. Amiin